United Nations and International Law

Independent Human Rights Commissioner and Think Tank Civil and Political Rights Campaigners Internationally Assisting Refugees and Asylum Seekers; Political Detainees; and Victims of State Parties' Violations of International Covenants on Human Rights Petitioning Issues that Require the Attention of the United Nations Through the Re-Evaluation of Human Risk to Torture and Cruel Inhuman Degrading Treatment by the Persecutory States.

TREATY DATABASE OF THE UN

The Status of Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General online database provides the most detailed information on the status of over 560 major multilateral instruments deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and covers a range of subject matters, such as Human Rights, Disarmament, Commodities, Refugees, the Environment, and the Law of the Sea. This database reflects the status of these instruments, as Member States sign, ratify, accede to, or lodge declarations, reservations, or objections.

LEGAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR UN MEMBER STATES

The United Nations currently offers the Member States technical assistance in connection with a range of legal matters. Such assistance includes the provision of advice, expertise, research, analysis, training, or other assistance.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION

The International Law Commission promotes the progressive development of international law and its codification. The Commission’s work on a topic usually involves some aspects of the progressive development as well as the codification of international law, with the balance between the two varyings depending on the particular topic.

ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW

The Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination, and Wider Appreciation of International Law is meant to contribute to a better knowledge of international law “as a means for strengthening international peace and security and promoting friendly relations and cooperation among States." It is one of the cornerstones of the efforts of the United Nations to promote international law.

The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law is a core legal body of the United Nations system specializing in commercial law and focusing on the modernization and harmonization of international business rules. The UNCITRAL Secretariat has established a Case Law on UNCITRAL Texts (CLOUT) system for collecting and disseminating information on court decisions and arbitral awards relating to the Conventions and Model Laws that have emanated from the work of the Commission.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans and seas, establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources. The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS) of the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations serves as the secretariat of the Convention on the Law of the Sea.

THE UNITED NATIONS' NATIONAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

A new internal justice system for the United Nations was introduced in 2009, to have a system that was independent, professionalized, expedient, transparent, and decentralized, with a stronger emphasis on resolving disputes through informal means, before resorting to formal litigation. Because the United Nations has immunity from local jurisdiction and cannot be sued in a national court, the organization has set up an internal justice system to resolve staff-management disputes, including those that involve disciplinary action.

Legal Resources and Training

The historic archives at the Audiovisual Library of International Law provide a unique resource for teaching, studying, and researching significant legal instruments in international law.

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Human Rights Council

The Human Rights Council, which was established in 2006, meets in Geneva. It replaced the 60-year-old UN Commission on Human Rights as the key independent UN intergovernmental body responsible for human rights.

Human Rights Treaty Bodies

The human rights treaty bodies are committees of independent experts that monitor the implementation of the core international human rights treaties. Each state party to a treaty should take steps to ensure that everyone in the state can enjoy the rights set out in the treaty.

The treaty bodies are composed of independent experts with recognized competence in human rights who are nominated and elected for fixed renewable terms of four years by state parties.

Special Procedures

The special procedures of the Human Rights Council are prominent, independent experts working voluntarily, who examine, monitor, publicly report and advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective.

Human Rights Working Group

The UN Development Group’s Human Rights Working Group advances human rights mainstreaming efforts within the UN development system.

Special Advisers on the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect

The Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide acts as a catalyst to raise awareness of the causes and dynamics of genocide, alert relevant actors where there is a risk of genocide, and advocate and mobilize for appropriate action.

The Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect leads the conceptual, political, institutional, and operational development of the Responsibility to Protect.

Democracy

Democracy is based on the rule of law and is ultimately a means to achieve international peace and security, economic and social progress and development, and respect for human rights—the three pillars of the United Nations mission as outlined in the UN Charter.

At the 2005 World Summit, all the world’s governments reaffirmed “that democracy is a universal value based on the freely expressed will of people to determine their own political, economic, social, and cultural systems and their full participation in all aspects of their lives" and stressed, “that democracy, development, and respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually reinforcing."

Democratic principles are woven throughout the normative fabric of the United Nations. The 2009 Guidance Note on Democracy of the Secretary-General sets out the United Nations framework for democracy based on universal principles, norms, and standards and commits the organization to principled, coherent, and consistent action in support of democracy.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two Covenants

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) was the first legal document protecting universal human rights. It is generally agreed to be the foundation of international human rights law.

Together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, the three instruments form the so-called International Bill of Human Rights.

Other instruments

A series of international human rights treaties and other instruments adopted since 1945 have expanded the body of international human rights law.

In 2007, the General Assembly adopted the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Civil and Political Rights Campaigners; Internationally Assisting Refugees and Asylum Seekers; Political Detainees; and Victims of Human Rights Violations by State Parties Violations of International Covenants Petitioning Issues that Required the Attention of the United Nations Through the Re-Evaluation of Human Risk to Torture and Cruel Inhuman Defrading Treatment by the Presacutury States.